Automatic bowling machine



March 15, 1960 1.J. SUNDAY AUTOMATIC BOWLING MACHINE 6 Sheets-Sheet l Filed Nov. 30. 1955 INVENToR. JAMES J. SUNDAY ,JM Q

Afro/Quays.

March l5, 1960 .1. J. SUNDAY AUTOMATIC BOWLING MACHINE 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed NOV. 30, 1955 ww mu we, .o .E J. ,M 5 M E T MY ,A AB,

March 15, 1960 J. J. SUNDAY AUTOMATIC BOWLING MACHINE 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Nov. 30, 1955 a e ,w

INVENToR. JAMES J. SUNDAY FAG. 6

March 15, 1960 J. J. SUNDAY AUTOMATIC BOWLING MACHINE 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed NOV. 50, 1955 INVENToR. JA M55 J. SUNDAY 9b ATTORNEYS.

March 15, 1960 Filed Nov. 30, 1955 J. J. SUNDAY AUTOMATIC BOWLING MACHINE 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR. JAMES J. SUNDAY ATTORNEYS J. J. SUNDAY 2,928,676

AUTOMATIC BOWLING MACHINE 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 v RA g w 3/|\\ r 9 W5 1 2 1 w. m a m F M r 3 AY .A l JB m F 6 7 2 5 J3 n w ,w

March 15, 1960 Filed Nov. 3o, 1955 United StatesPatent O AUTOMATIC BOWLING MACHINE James J. Sunday, Detroit, Mich.

Application November 30, 1955, Serial No. 549,952

7 Claims. (Cl. 273-44) This invention relates to a bowling machine and particularly to a bowling machine of a miniature type for playing a modified type of bowling game using bowling balls and bowling pins of a smaller size than those conventionally used in standard bowling alleys.

In a bowling machine of this type, the pins are normally held in position on the alley by magnets andare provided with cords extending upwardly over pulleys and having individual weights on each cord adapted to lift the pins off the alley and hold them in an elevated position ywhen they are are struck by the ball.

It is an object of this invention to provide a novel apparatus for setting the pins in playing position on the alley wherein said apparatus is manually operated by the operator and is provided with means for boosting the manual action of the operator.

It is a further object of the invention to provide such a pin-setting apparatus wherein the force with which the pins are set in position on the alley is controlled.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel ball-return apparatus adapted to return the ball to the player automatically. v

It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel supporting structure for thepin-setting apparatus and the ball-return apparatus. n

It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel means for operating the ball-return apparatus.

Basically, the machine includes an alley having a players station at one end and a pin-setting apparatus and a ball-return apparatus at the other end. The pin-setting apparatus and ball-return apparatus are mounted on a frame generally overlying the pin-supporting area of the alley. The pin-setting apparatus includes a platen positioned above the pins and having a multiplicity of openings through which the cords attached to the pins extend. The platen is vertically reciprocable. A linkage is provided which extends to the players station whereby, when the player actuates the linkage, the platen is lowered for resetting the pins. Weights are attached to the linkage tending to move and maintain'the platen in its uppermost position. The linkage for lowering the platen includes a belt adapted to contact a continuously rotating pulley when the linkage is actuated bythe operator, thereby boosting or enhancing the manual-"actuation by the operator. In addition,'a dash pot mechanism is attached to thelinkage for controlling therate of lowering of the platen.

The size of the openings in the platen through which the cords extend is smaller than the largest diameter of the pins whereby thegpins are forced downwardly when the platen is lowered bringing them into position on the alley.

1 The ball-return apparatus is mounted at one side of the alley and includes anjupwardly inclined chute which is maintained infspaced relationship with an upwardly inclined belt. The chute is provided with springs which permitlmited movement of theV chute away from the belt. After the b al1. strikes thepins, it rolls tomthe rear in Fig. 7.

' supporting platform 53. n A multiplicityV of magnets ,55'`

ICC

of the alley and down a transversely inclined ramp to a position betwen the inclined chute and the belt. Movement of the belt causes the ball to roll upwardly along the inclined chute and thereafter downwardly Yalong a track which extends alongside the alley to the playerfsV station. Y

In the drawings: I Fig. 1 is an elevational view of a bowling machine embodying the invention.

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the pinsetting apparatus.

Fig. 3 is a perspective view of the frame which supports the pin-setting apparatus and ball-return apparatus. Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the back-stop structure. Fig. 5 is a sectional view taken along the line 5--5 in Fig. 1. Y Fig. 6 is a sectional view taken along the linev 6f6 Fig. 7 is a sectional View taken along the line 7-7 in Fig. 5.

Fig. 8 is a sectional view taken along the line 8-8 in Fig. 7. Fig. 9 is a fragmentary plan view of the platen f or resetting the pins taken along the line 9--9 in Fig. 7.

Fig. 10 is an elevational view of the ball-return` p paratus. i -T Fig. 1l is a sectional View taken along the line 11-11 in Fig. l0.

Fig. 12 is an elevational Vview of the drive mechanism.

Fig. 13 is a sectional View taken along the line 13--13 in Fig. l2. p

As shown in Fig. l, the bowling machine comprises'v a longitudinally extending, substantially horizontal alley 20 at the forward end of which isa players station, 21 and at the rear end of which is a housing 22 containing a pinsetting apparatus and a ball-return apparatus. A control panel 23 is located at the players station. A coin-V operated switch mechanism 25 and a pin-setting lever A24 are mounted on the control panel 23for controlling the bowling machine as hereinafter described. ,A 'Y

Extending on either sideof the alley 20 and parallel thereto are gutters or troughs 26 (Figs.v 1, 5). Pin-Setting apparatus 23 and ball-return apparatus 29 are mounted within the housing 22 on a frame 36 (Fig. 3). The pin-setting apparatus 28 overlies a pin-settingarea 30 at the rear end of the alley 20. Y l nj The housing 22 comprises a top panel 31, side panels 32, 33, a rear end panel 34 and a front end panel 35. The front panel 35 is open at the bottom thereof overlying the alley to permit the bowling ball to roll along thealley and also to permit visibility of the pins from the players station. The housing 22 surrounds the frame. 36j which supports the pin-setting apparatus 28 and the ball return apparatus 29. As shown in Fig. 3, the frame 36 is preferably made of a series of angle members and comprises front upright members 37, 38 connected to rear up-V right members 39, 40 by horizontal side members in` cluding upper side Vmembers 41, 42, intermediate side members 43, 44 and lower side members 45, 46. The front nprights 37, 38 are connected to each other by al horizontal front end member 47 and the rear upright members 39, 40 are connected to each other by any upper horizontal rear end member 48 and intermediate horif:

zontal rear end member 49.A Transverse top member 50 extends between the upper side members 41, 42 while4 other scudi-resistant material -is'provided over the pin- A layer 54 of hard rubber or,

aureaiarnbedded` inthe pin-supporting platform 53 and are, adapted to be engaged by metal inserts 56 in the lower ends of the pins 57. The pins 57 are thus releasably engagedwith the magnets 55. Y

A cord;`58 extends upwardly from the upper endI Aof ,Y

each pin '7..` over a pulleyg59fxed on shaft 60 which is,

gratatablymounted between cross members 61, 62 on the;

uppermembers 47 and Sil-(Figs. 5, 7). A weight 63 is attached to the end of each cord 58 and thereby places an upward force on the pin 57 which pulls the pin 57 up` wardly'off the alley when a bowling'ball strikes the p in Vand knocksit out of engagement withv the; 'magnet 55.

The pulley 59 for the pin nearest'thejplayers station is fixed on a short shaft rotatably mounted on abracket 79 extendingA forwardly'fromV the frontA endA memberv 47 @gigant *Y A,verticallymeeiprocableplaten 64 is mounted above the` Vpin-supportingv platform 53 and includes a; multi- `plicity of openings 65 through which the cords 53 extend (Figs. 7,'9);.; The verticalmovement ofthe platenA 64, is guided by vertical guide bars 66 which engage rollers 6?,..68frotatably mounted-on short longitudinally extend# ing members 69, 70 and 71, 72, respectively (Figs. 3;, 7 )L 'I-,hemernbers 6970,[7 1VV and 72 are mounted ,in vertically spaced relationship below cross membersV 61,V 62.by. short downwardlyxtending, vertical supports 73, 74, 75 and A i' i' andere theboosting force.` will, vary Withthe. force usedV by the operator to pull the lever 24. In order to control the force with which the platen .is lowered, a dash pot`96'is wardly, va layer`-102 of;` resilientV material` such as' rubber is short brace 78 extends between thelower. endof theV Vvjrertial member 76 and the upright 3S.

As shown in Figs. 2 and 7, the movement ofithe platen .6 4,; i`s;controlled byalinkage including a pair'of links 80 pivotallyy connected at one end thereof to a bracket S1 on each verticalvguide bar 66 (Fig. 8) and pivotallyl conneeted at theother end thereof to an arm V82. The arms 82 are` fixedat the otherfend'thereof toa shaft 83 which isgrotatablymounted on bearings 84, 85 which are''xed onverticalmembers, 75 respectively ofthe frame 36. The; platen 64 is-normally yieldably maintained inits npperrnost position by` means of'a weight 86 connectedrto ih eshaft by aweight arm 87 extending rearwardly' ofA tl 1 e\sha`ft. VThe weight is of sufficient size to yieldingly urge Ythe platenh64 towarditsuppermost'position. Theipklaten 64: is loweredJ by a linkage'includinga lever' 88 xedat. one end tothe shaft 83 and--pivotally connected atlthe4 other endA to-a pair, of connecting members 89V which are also pivotallyconnected toa lever bar` 90. The lever bar` is pivotallyfmounted `above the lever 88 at a point intermediateits ends to a short shaftmounted inI-abearing 91 which isA fastened to vertical member 73.

A cord 92 is connected to the other end of the leve.

preferably mounted onthe lower'end member 49 (Figs. 2, 3 and 7). The dash pot 96 is provided with an arm k97 pivotally connected 'to a link 98 which, in` turn, is

pivoted to weight arm 87.'V When thehand lever 24 is pulled to lower the platen,.the dash pot` 96 tends to oppose the downward; movement 'of' the platen. The rate at which the platen 64 is forced downwardly cannot exceed a predetermined amount as controlled by the dash pot. j

provided o nfthe undersurface of; the platen 64 and in-` cludes a multiplicity of, openings 103 in axialy alignment with the openings `65 (Figs. 7', 9). The'openings 4163 in the layer 102 are smaller than the openings 6,5 in the platen 64 thereby providing anannular lip 104'of'resilient material surroundingfeach opening-j65and capable of being exed-upwardlygwhen the platen is lowered to'v engage the sides of thepin1,57. l Y

. ReferringtQFigs. 4,76 and 7;a-,back stop.` 105 is posi# tioned at the rear of the bowling machinev andincludes a downwardly slopingsection 106 which extends from, the

pin-supporting arealtoward the rearto aytransverse ramp y V107. TheA transverse ramp-107 isV inclined downwardly` toone lsideo'f the-machine forguiding 'the `bowling ball to theball-return apparatus after the` ball has struck Vthe pins.` The back stop includes sides 108, ,109. and adeflector-110 positioned over the' transverseramp 107 `and inclined upwardly:toward the.; frontI of the machine at .an angle of preferably lessthan 30 with thehorizontal. Thejdeector 110 directsthe bowling balls downwardly Y onto ,the;` transverse ramp 107 Abumpenfut of thickaresiuem.iteriaimay be post tioned.transversely acrossthe re'ar. of the stop 105. The various surfacesA of the-back stopl withwhich a` ball may come into,.contact-are.preferably provided with a layer 90..andpasses downwardly past a pulley 93 andis trained. overa pulley 9,4v mounted'in 'the alley (Fig S).

n The cord extends forwardly under the alley toa pulley.; 95` mounted at the-players station 21and is trained `over therpulley 95 andfconnected-at the Vother end thereof tothe pin-setting lever k.24.1 The Y pin-setting lever 24 is` pivoted. such a manner that by pulling the pinasetting lever,.the.cord..9.2 is `also pulled, causing the lever bar 90 to. rotate about its pivot point and,.in turn, rotating the,

shaft 83in such a manner` that the arms 82 are moved to,v

force the platen 6.4A to move downwardly.

Inorder to facilitate the'movement ofthe platen 64 downwardly, thepulley93 is preferably continuously ;ro,l f

tated, ina counterclockwise direction as viewed in Fig. 2",.'with the.. cord 92 contacting said pulley 93floosely.` Whentheleverr24 is pulled, thecord 92 is caused to frictionallyV engage tlierotating pulley -93 and provide a` boosting movement in the direction of the pulling action ofthe operator Von the lever 24.V The portion of Vthefcord'i which contactsthe pulley 93 is preferably a `V-belt inY order r to provide ai better: frictional engagement with the Y I Inasmuch4 as` the boostingvforce supplied byv the pulley* 931Lwill .fdependflupon the vr'egree of Vvfrictional engagement;

., withn"The-roller'isrottablymountedonafshort arm 132 vpivotally connected at" 133 to a` short baron the member 113Y offscuff-resistant material such asa hard rubber.

Thefside` wall1081ofthe backA stop 105 is provided with an i opening-- 112;` for permitting .A the passage.` of the` bowling ball to the ballfreturn` apparatus as it rolls down the i transverseramp 107.

Referringzto-Fig'. l0, theball-return apparatus 29 comprises a bracketwincluding. parallel'inclinedupwardly andforwardlyextending members 121and parallel slightly inclined, ,upwardly and rearwardly. extendingmembers 122. The bracket120 is-fastenedito the frame 36 at 123 i on sidetmemberS-.by a: bolt.1 passing., through a brace Y 124 `and at'125 .on: `sidemeznberz43by. a bolt passing. through a Yshort brace 126. V`A small pulley 127 nis rotatablytmountedslonthe members 122 andlarger pulleys 128,` 129 are4 rotatablymouuted ateither end of; the

128,212.9.- Tension-.on thfebeltis'maintainedby,a roller 131'contacting. thfebelt andfgheldfin engagement there'- 121. V.A tension sprng134fextendstbetweenthe freeend the roller-131'ingpositionagainst'thejelt, A'xed supv a'r'allelrlegs 136 and 'ai cross piece/ 1317 ,Y Vw.

-`l) -Reinforcin'g struts 138 extend diagonally between` the'members 122 and the legs 136. A support 139, simi 1a`r to support 135, is mounted near the upper end of the members 121.

The supports 135, 139 serve to mount a chute 140 which has a slightly downwardly inclined portion 141 and anupwardly inclined portion 142. The ends of the chute are mounted on the brackets 135, 139 by bolts 143, 144. The bolts are of such length that the chute 140 has limited movement away from the belt 130. The chute is maintained in its innermost position relative to the vbelt vat one end by tension springs 145 extending between the chute 140 and the reinforcing struts 138 (Fig. 11) and at the other end by tension springs 146, 147 extending between the reinforcing struts 138 of the bracket 139 and the other end of the chute 140. A short chute section 148 is pivotally connected to the upper end of the chute 140 and serves -as a kicker as presently described. l v i Tension springs 149 extend between the end of the chutesection 148 and points on short bars v150 mounted onthe upper member s-'121. The springs 149 yieldingly urge thelshort chutesection 148 inwardly toward the beltr 130. A plate 114 is fastened to the bracket.120 by short bars 115 in position in back of the reach of the belt 130 adjacent the inclined section 142 of the chute 140. A downwardly and forwardly inclined track 180 ex tfe'nds from the top of the short chute section alongside s'aid alley tothe players station 21 (Fig. 1).

VWhen aball rolls down the alley, strikes the pins and thereafter rolls down the inclined section 106 to the transverse ramp 107, it is guided by the transverse ramp 107 through the opening in the wall 108 (Fig. 4) to a position on the, short inclined section 141 of the chute underlying the belt 130. The ball then rolls down the short section 141 where 'itfis gripped between the belt 1-30 and the chute 140. A-The lower endvof the chute 140 may thereupon yield, permitting the chute 140 to move outwardly against the action of the springs 145.

As the belt 130 rotates, it causes the ball to roll up the chute 140. Frictional engagement between the belt 130, chute 140 and the. ball is maintained by the tension of the springs 146, 147 which permit the chute to yieldingly move outwardly away from the belt. As the ball is carried to the upper end of the inclined section 142 of the chute 140 onto the short section 148, it moves the short section 148-outwardly away from the belt. Further movement of the ball will bring it into position adjacent the upper end of the track 180 on which it will roll downwardly toward the players station 21 (Figs. l, 7). As the ball moves past the end of the short chute section 148, the spring 149 will cause the chute section to move inwardly toward the belt providing an additional kick tothe ball to insure its passage over onto the downwardly inclined track 180.

The belt 130 is driven by a pulley 151 mounted on the shaft 152. The pulley 93 of the'pin-setting apparatus' is also mounted on the shaft 152 (Fig. 5). The drive mechanism to the pulley 151 is shown in Figs. 12 and 13.

An electric motor 153 is mounted on a plate 154 securedv to arms 181, 182 which, in turn, are pivotally connected to vertical bars 155, 156 extending between the upper and lower end members 48,49 on the frame 36 (Fig. 3). The arms 181, 1'82 pivot 'about a horizontal axis.

A short cross bar 183 extends between the outer ends of the arms 181, 182 and is provided with an opening through which a bolt 157 extends. I'he bolt is ixedly mounted in vertical position on a fixed horizontal bracket 158 extending inwardly from the vertical bars 155, 156 (Fig. 3). Nuts 159, 160 are threaded on the bolt 157 above and below the plate 183 in order to adjust the pivotal position of the plate 183. Apair of spaced arms 161, 162 are pivotally connected on horizontal bracket 156 for movement about a horizontal axis. The arms 161, 162 extend downwardly and a plate 164 is mounted between the arms. Journals 165, 166 are, in turn, mountV ed on the plate 164 and serve to rotatably support a shaft 168. The position of the plate 164 may be adjusted by a bolt 169 mounted on a short cross piece 170 which extends horizontally between the rvertical bars 155, 156.y

The bolt passes through a vertically elongated slot 171 in the plate 164. Nuts 172, 173 which are threaded on either side of the plate 164 serve to adjustably locate the position of the plate 164. A largepulley 177 is mounted on one end of the shaft 168 and a small pulley 178 is mounted on the other end of the shaft 168. A belt 175 is trained over the pulley 176 of the motor and the large pulley 177 in alignment therewith. A belt 179 extends` marized as follows: When the player wishes to play a game, he deposits a coin in the coin-operated switch mechanism 23, which supplies power to the machine for a predetermined period of time. Upon depositing of the coin, the switch mechanism 23 completes the circuit to the motor 153 which, through the pulley and belt arrangement, continuously rotates the pulley 15,1. in turn, continuously rotates pulley 93 of the pin-setting apparatus and the endless belt 130 of the ball-return apparatus. Y

Since some of the pins may have been displaced from a previous game, the player may initially reset the pins by pulling the hand lever 24. Pulling the hand lever 24 will pull the cable 92 toward the players station, tend-` ing to pivot the lever bar on its journal bearing 91 (Fig. 2). Pivoting of the lever bar 90 will, in turn, tend to move the platen 64 downwardly through connecting members 89, lever 88, shaft 83, arms 82 and links80.

Pulling of the cable 92 will also bring it into. f'rictional engagement with the continuously rotating pulley 93, which is rotating in such a direction as to facilitate move' ment of the cable 92, thus boosting or enhancing the force;

with which the platen 64 is lowered. However, the'rate at which the platen 64 is lowered is vcontrolled by the dash pot 96 acting upon theplaten 64 through the dash pot arm 97 and link 98. Lowering of the platen 64 causes the flexible lips 104 of the resilient material surrounding each opening 65 of the vplaten to deect upwardly when the pins are deposited onto the alley. Releasing of the hand lever 24 will cause the platen to return to its original position above the alley under the action of the weight 86. The upward movement of the plate 64 is limited by chain 100, any shock involved being absorbed by spring 101. i

The player may then roll one or more bowling balls down the alley. Any pins 57 that are struck by the ball will be disengaged from their magnets 55 and will be raised by the weights 63 into the openings 65 in .the platen.l The bowling ball will roll toward the rear of the alley down the inclined section 106 to the transverse ramp 107 which will guide the ball onto the short in- The operation of the bowling machine may be .sum-

This,l

envenena arias; miam- 1621 waren @sumar Bearings Y manteau?.

165l Aand 1166* at mounted; i'rheftensionzenzthe 'bel-c1752 Y mayybe vari-espy samsungtlie aufs V 1.59, 16o aadltiierebyf pivoting arms TS1-and1182).

It can thus belsv ,entha't I have-provideda`n apparatuswhich.A utiliz'esfa` single' meansifor facilitating the moyement` of` the platen topii1`-setting position and, in addition, for driving the ball-return apparatus. The movement i of the f platengto pin-setting position `is .controlled by, afdash Spot toinsure- `thel positive positioning of the pins without 'damageito'the-lihkage; The ball-return apparatus issimply constructed and piovidesforl a positive return ofthe ballsto.theriplayefsrstation The pin-settingapparatus andzth'e" ball-returntapparatus are mounted `on aunit'ary frame wherebytlreleritire framernay'belremoved from its position relative tothe alley merely by discon-j nesting the el'ectricalf'conne'ctions'l Vtos'the, coin-operated switch meelianism'g disconnecting the end of the Vcable'V 'than ena: fama-t :1embmmafemnaine ferr-r fr theralleyvto tlretplayer?'s';station;V arnaud: levert,

lever, said power operated means comprising; a pulleys,

I mea'nssifor" continuously; rotatingjisaid pulley, said pulley beingy .positioned to be frictionally engaged by said cable4 wlfen' the lhand-"levenisV4 pulled' thereby*facilitating` they;

92 -fromrthe lever.br90,-and removingthegframe withi the. pin-setting iapparatsrand' the `ball-return apparatus:

monnted.thereohfrom its position overlyingl the pin-V setting.platform.V 'The'back'stop vv105 may 'alsobe quickly and easily removed. y

- Iolaim: I Y

1. V..,bowlii`1g machine comprising a substantially hori-V zontal=alley having a players lstation atone en d thereof` and ,apimsetting platformfat the other end thereof, means.

movement l of said" cable,v4 the movementof .said cable causing ,Y said leverV bar and-.lever tofrotate and:inturn,i

casinglthe vshaft rtorotatefmoving; theV arms.` downwardly and 'loweringtheplate'ml The"combination set `forth in. claim lwherein means Vfor urging -said` platen tupwardly comprises an Varmy fixed to said .shaftf-and; extending:rearwardlyufrom said shaft',and` a weight mounted om said latter arm.

3. The combination"setV "forth in. clairrl` I2= including.l meansfor limiting the upward i movement ofsaid platenn comprising ailexibleielementexterrlding,between4 a fnted.A point and said arm to which the weight is attached.

4. The combination set-forthrin claim 3 including-,a yieldable element` extendingV between the exible element and.i said:` fixed pointfor absorbingam shoclrfoccurring,

asia resnlt oflimitinggthe.upwardfmoyement of the platen;A

5. The combinationtset forth Vin claim ,l` including;V

Zmtmeansfo-r controllingthe rateof movement of said platenf.

mountedffor releaseably-'holdingbowling pins on said alley, a multiplicity, of `bowling pins adapted to be releaseablyheld by said'hollingimeans, ka platen-mounted forY vertical movement` above fsaid pin-setting platform,

sof

means for urging said platenupwardly, a cord attached to eachsaidpinat the upper end thereof, means. attached to each said cord tending to move said pin upwardly toward said platen whenrit -is struck. byga bowlingball downwardly. t

6. The combination set vfcrthin claim` Swherein said] means .for controlling` the rate fffmovement comprises a dash pot mechanism acting on said'means for lowering said platen. Y

v7. The combination set -for'tl'in ,claim 6 wherein said dash -,pot mechanism is connected to said Aarm o n which said lweig'htis attached.

and moved out `o fposition on the pin-setting platform,

manually `operated means kconnected to said platen and ex- Y tending to the. players stationforlowering the platen for resetting the pins, and power operated means `rerspont t Y Y 40 siveY to -theoperation .of said manual means toV assist the lowering of said'- plz,1ten`,saidY manually operated means comprisinglinks pivotally connected to saidV platen, armsV pivotally connected toV saidY links, Va horizontal shaft mounted for rotation about its axis, said arms being Xedly 1 connected to'said shaft, a lever jredto said shaft and extendingrearwardly thereof, a lever bar pivotallymoimted intermediate its endsb'out a fixed point above said lever,

connecting members pivotally connecting the erid ofsaid lever andone end of said lever bar, a cable.conrn'ecte'dA References Cited'in'tlie tile, ofi"thisyl'atent 

